EPIZOOTOLOGY Bovicolosis (Бовиколаларининг)OF CATTLE (Қорамол Бовиколалари Ва Уларнинг Эпизоотологияси) (Бовикола – Bovicola Деб Ёзилади)

– The article provides information on the common ectoparasites epizootiology among cattle.


III. RESEARCH RESULTS
In the livestock farms of the country, biting lice, i.e. Bovicola bovis -occurs throughout the year in cattle, in poor sanitary conditions, in the cold season, it covers about 90-100% of cattle. Biting lice is the most common persistent ectoparasite among cattle all over the world, belonging to the Arhtropoda type, Insecta class, Mallophaga family, Trichodectidae family, Bovicola family, Bovicola bovis species.
Bovicola bovis -1.0-2.0 mm small, wingless, elongated oval, flat, brownish-yellow insect, the oral apparatus is the rodent type, consisting of upper and lower lips as well as upper and lower jaws, and has small teeth at the jaws. The eyes are not well developed, the chest has three joints, three pairs of edges are joined by small legs (claws), the claws end tips with one or two claws, the abdomen is elongated oval, segmented, unique with wool and feathers, ie covered with each type, consists of 8-9 joints and six pairs of airways (Fig. 1).

Figure 1. Microscope view of biting licening Bovicola bovis imago and larvae
Development cycle. It is an insect that lives in the host's body all its life, from the egg to the imago phase, and the imago forms live for 31-41 days, during which time the female biting lice and attaches 20-100 eggs to the wool root of cattle at a height of 1-3 mm. After 12-16 days the larvae emerge from the egg and begin to feed, the larvae hatch three times and after 19-22 days the adult form -imago. The overall developmental cycle is 4-5 weeks.
Pathogenesis. Biting lice crawl on the surface of cattle skin and feed on epidermal tissue with their strongly developed jaws, while tickling the nerve fibers of the skin causes intense itching, resulting in hair loss, skin dermatitis and hyperkeratosis (Fig. 2). In addition, biting lice release saliva into the wound during feeding, which is toxic to the cattle organism and prevents blood clotting. It was found that the biting lyce of cattle is more common mainly on farms where sanitary-hygienic, feeding and storage conditions do not meet the requirements. During long-term transportation of cattle, ie from one state to another (migration), the spread of biting lice was also observed through wool, leather raw materials and water (during bathing and drinking).
According to our research, biting lice are more common in cattle of all ages and on farms with poor sanitation (up to 90-100 percent) and occur throughout the year. However, their extensive and intensive damage levels varied depending on environmental factors. Therefore, the epizootiology of cattle biting lyce was studied during 1997-2020. As a result, in all decades, months and seasons of the year, in different geographical zones and farms, animal species and ages (including breed and sex), the seasonal distribution of biting lice, the dynamics of breeding, the emergence of different phases (eggs, larvae and imago) duration, levels of intensive and extensive damage with biting lice were determined (Figure 1). The high humidity and comfortable temperature in the building, the lack of sunlight in the winter months, the longness of the animal's fur, their poor nutrition and intensive storage create favorable conditions for the development and rapid spread of biting lice. During the summer months, when the animals went out to pasture, their numbers decreased sharply due to sunlight and drought, as well as due to the shedding of animals.
As a result, biting lice occur in the body of cattle in all months, but the intensity and intensity of the invasion varies with the season, ie the damage is maximal in December-January-February-March-April-May, minimum in June-July-August-September, October-November observed to be in average condition in the months. Extensive damage (ED) rate with seasonal liceing of cattle in the study of calves up to 5-6 months, in cattle aged 18-20 months and older -in the winter -up to 69.0-72.0 percent, the intensity damage (ID) rate ranges from 677-963 copies per 100 cm 2 of skin surface, in the spring, the ED level is 95.0-98.0 percent, and the ID level is 1003 to 1224 copies per 100 cm 2 of skin, in the summer, the ED level ranges from 18.0 to 23.0 percent, and the ID level ranges from 7-9 copies per 100 cm 2 of skin surface, in the autumn, the ED level was found to be 31.0-37.0 per cent, and the ID level was found to be 94-242 copies per 100 cm2 of skin surface, and young cattle were more severely damaged than older cattle (Diagram 2).